The Conflict Between Christendom And Islam Essays - Christianization

The Conflict Between Christendom And Islam Since Islam came into being, it has clashed numerously with the already established Christianity. Their rivalry has never ceased until today. Modern Examples would be Bosnia and Lebanon. There were not only military clashes but political as well as economical. Although, the rivalry was incredibly intense, ironically, Arab or Islamic culture managed to severely influence the Christian kingdoms. However, Christianity used all the advantages provided by Islam to their advantage and through that they managed to keep the Arabs at bay. Islamic civilization and its rise were thanks to one man and that is the last prophet, Prophet Muhammad. Islam came into being in 622AD and it was the last of the great civilizations. Islam managed to push the Arabs into a new kind of community, which at the same time spread far beyond Arabia, Persians, Indians, North African countries and parts of Europe came under its domination. The Arabs managed to capture most of the most powerful economic areas. In the Mediterranean their navy conquered Cyprus and crippled Byzantine sea power. They first clashed with the Christians when they tried to besiege Constantinople. In 711 they started their raids into Spain and in 716 they conquered it. They tried to conquer France but the Franks under the leader Charles Martel handed the Arabs their first defeat. From the end of the 7th century till the middle of the 11th, the Mediterranean remained something of a Muslim lake and western trade with East Asia wasn't cut off during these centuries, it was significantly diminished and carried on in awareness of Muslim dominance. ( Craig, Graham, Kagan, Turner, The heritage of western civ. Pp323) In the early Middle Ages the main power in Europe was always the Pope and later in the 700's it was shared with Charlemagne. The combination of these two managed to keep the Arab invasions at bay. But the Christians did benefit with their contact with Islamic culture. The aggressiveness of the Arabs forced western Europeans to rely on their own resources and to develop their own heritage and culture. By diverting the focus and energy's of the Byzantine Empire, the Arabs prevented it from expanding into Western Europe allowing the Franks and the Lombargs to gain power. And by controlling their Mediterranean Western access to eastern trade and cultural influence was diminished. There was also a lot of creative interchange between these two cultures. The Arab civilization taught western farmers irrigation, the tanning of leather, refinition of silk and educated their scholars. Down to the 16th century the basic gynecological and childcare manuals were compilations of the famous Iranian Islamic scholars physician and philosophers like Razi, Kharazmi and Ibm-Sina were still utilized. These scholars made some of the greatest discoveries. For example Kharazmi discovered the significance of alcohol in medications. ( Cargill, Menzont, Interaction of civ. Pp 561) Relations between the two during those times were not always antagonistic. In 802 Charlemagne received, from the caliph, Harun-al-Rashid, a white elephant. In truth the Christians made not only a great amount of wealth of their contacts with the Arabs with a whole deal of knowledge which led to their ascendancy of power during the Renaissance years. Civilization in Western Europe gained much more than it could have ever before. Another fact about the Islamic civilization was that they were quite a tolerant and practical race. Their tolerance of certain religions like the Jews provided more distaste between the Christians and themselves. This was an antagonism between the two until recently when the Arabs revolted against the new state of Israel. ( Jacobs, Fisher, Einzholdt, Islamic Heritage, Pp 192) There were times when Islamic culture actually managed to influence not only the culture but the religion of the Christians as well. For instance, during the siege of Constantinople in 730 when Leo III managed to repulse the invaders he also got ideas to change certain parts of the Christian religion. He forebade the use of images in Eastern churches and tried to enforce the ban in the West, even though his efforts insulted the Western churches. ( www. UCLA /index/essays/Islam/index.com ) In 1071, the Byzantine Empire was handed a major defeat by the Muslim Seljuq Turks

Expert Review The Official ACT Prep Guide

Expert Review The Official ACT Prep Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Looking for official ACT practice? The Official ACT Prep Guide is a great resource. In this article, I'll provide a review of the current Official ACT Prep Guide, including positives and negatives of the new guide, how it differs from The Real ACT Prep Guide (3rd Edition), and whether or not you should buy it to help you through the study process. What’s in The Official ACT Prep Guide? The book is organized into five parts, which each are further divided into smaller chapters. The five parts of the book are: Part One: Getting Acquainted with the ACT Test (general study strategies and test-taking tips, explanation of the format and what’s covered on the test) Part Two: Taking and Evaluating Your First Practice Test (diagnostic practice test along with an explanation of how to use your results to identify weak areas) Part Three: Improving Your Score (test-taking strategies for each section of the exam) Part Four: Taking Additional Practice Tests (two additional practice tests for you to take after you’ve evaluated your mistakes and done more prep) Part Five: Moving Forward to Test Day (shows you how to sign up for the test and what to expect on test day) There are five full practice tests included in this guide, counting the initial practice test that you'll use to diagnose your mistakes in part two. The online bonus content includes 400 extra official ACT practice questions (100 each for English, Math, Reading, and Science). In the next section, I'll go through my full review of the book with extensive details on its strengths and weaknesses. The Official ACT Prep Guide Review There are many reasons to like or dislike this version of the Red Book. I'll start with the positive attributes of the guide and move onto its not-so-awesome qualities. Pros Smart Overall Structure The order of the chapters in the book corresponds to when you should take each step in the review and testing process. This book understands that the best way to guarantee improvement over time is to take a practice test, evaluate your mistakes, study the content that's relevant to your mistakes, and take another practice test to see if you’ve improved. You'll learn exactly how to begin studying and which steps you should take along the way to make sure you’re improving. Good Advice on Scores and What They Mean The guide walks you through scoring your practice tests accurately, and it gives you a table of percentiles so you can see how your scores compare to those of other students. It also does a good job of explaining how to judge your scores based on where you plan on applying to college and how much you improve from test to test. Learning to set appropriate goals is a huge aspect of studying for standardized tests that can be overlooked in some prep books. Abundant Test-Taking Tips There are many test-taking tips for each section of the ACT included in this book. Some tips can seem a bit repetitive (sometimes it seems like they’re just filling up space), but most are solid pieces of advice. For ACT English, helpful tips listed in the book include considering the context of the question before choosing an answer, rereading the sentence using the answer you've selected, exercising caution with two part questions, and paying attention to the writing style. Cons Dull Style This guide is dryly written, with little in the way of images, graphics, or differentiated headings to break up the text. There are sporadic efforts to be more engaging, but it’s definitely not the most student-friendly prep guide. Adding to this, Part 1 has an overview of the test that includes long lists of concepts covered by each section that could be condensed. The book makes the test seem way too intimidating and overwhelming (more on this in the next point). Complicates the Material While it's great that there are abundant test-taking tips included in this book, they aren't always presented in the best way. The tips are a bit hard to digest and use in practice on the test. While question examples are given to show how the tips work in some cases, these examples are not as abundant as they should be. This book falls short specifically in demystifying the science section. The main issue with this section for most students is that it looks super intimidating, and it's easy to feel overwhelmed. To overcome this, you need to learn to pick out the most important details and ignore extra information that’s just there to distract you. This guide makes the science section look scarier and more â€Å"sciencey† even though in reality it’s more about reading comprehension than scientific knowledge. Answer Explanations are Lacking Math and science question explanations are laid out in a way that makes them confusing and difficult to think through. Here's an example of what the answer explanations for math questions look like: As you can see, there are rarely any images to guide you in your understanding or even much room for the text to breathe at all. Everything starts to blur together into a mass of unintelligible math-like word goop. If you're already having trouble with the Math section, these sorts of answer explanations probably won't clear things up. The guide also makes some assumptions about how much you know about the content. If you didn't even understand where to begin in answering these math questions, the answer explanations provided aren't too enlightening. It would be helpful if they at least indicated the page in the book where you could find additional details on how to solve these types of problems. Not Enough Guidance on Understanding Mistakes The book tells you how to understand your mistakes, but it could have a more consolidated system to help you go through and diagnose them. An organized chart where you could record your findings would be better than just saying "put a checkmark next to the mistakes you made" and listing potential mistakes for each section. There are also no direct actionables that go along with each type of mistake. The guide doesn’t tell you which page to turn to if you have a certain problem. It would be great to know where to find advice that corresponds to the errors you made in each section. The tips for the Reading section also don’t elaborate on different ways to approach passages, which can be a huge problem for people on that section and should be addressed more comprehensively. It would be a shame to burrow down into your mistakes only to reach a dead end. Should You Get This Guide? You should get this book if you’re new to the ACT. It's a thorough summary of everything you need to know about the most up-to-date version of the test, even if has its imperfections. If you need additional practice materials, you may also choose to buy the 3rd Edition as a supplement (though don't use the old Writing prompts to practice your essays because they’ve changed significantly). Keep in mind that many of the questions from the fourth and fifth practice tests in the 3rd Edition were transferred over to the third practice test in the new edition. The first three tests will be the most useful for practice in that case. You also could decide to get the Official ACT Prep Guide book if you want to practice your essay-writing skills using new prompts that align with the current version of the ACT. There haven't been many official ACT essay prompts publicly released, and if you're struggling with the essay, four extra prompts to practice with could prove extremely valuable. If you're confident about self-guided studying and are just looking for more practice questions, it might be worth getting the new ACT prep book. The addition of the fourth practice test in this addition is valuable, since there aren't that many full, publicly released official ACT practice tests out there. However, there still isn't that much material, and almost all of it is recycled from previous tests. An alternative would be to get the 3rd Edition, which has more original practice materials, and supplement it with free online resources (particularly for ACT Writing). The third practice test in this guide is the rebellious twin of the last two practice tests in the 3rd Edition. It may have changed its hairstyle, but the same DNA is still there. Side note: If anyone had natural eyelashes that were this long, it would be a truly terrifying sight to behold. How to Get the Most Out of The Official ACT Prep Guide The best way to ensure that you're getting the most out of the guide is to go through it in chronological order. First, read the basic tips in chapter two so you can get a handle on the basics of how the test works. Then, take the first practice test and go through your mistakes. Go on to use the content sections of the book and any other resources on hand to study the areas that need the most work. When you feel that you've addressed your mistakes and are confident that your results will reflect your newfound expertise, take a second practice test to see if you've made significant improvements. Note that the most recent version of The ACT Black Book, a resource that we recommend alongside the Official ACT Prep Guide for the best strategic test-taking advice, is tailored to the practice questions in an older version of the guide. The main upshot of this is that there are no answer explanations in the Black Book for questions in the fourth practice test of The Official ACT Prep Guide (since previous additions did not have this test). The tips can still be helpful, but this is something to keep in mind so you aren't confused when you can't match questions to explanations using the newest Black Book and Official ACT Prep Guide editions. What's Next? Not sure what score you should be aiming for on the ACT? Learn how to calculate a target score that makes sense based on your college goals. Did your ACT test date sneak up on you? Check out our 10-day prep plan for advice on how to cram for the ACT and potentially raise your score by four composite points! If you still have quite a bit of time before the test, read this guide on how long you should study for the ACT so you can come up with a solid study schedule. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Might, May, and Can

Might, May, and Can Might, May, and Can Might, May, and Can By Jacquelyn Landis Most writers use may and might interchangeably: I may go to the library to work on my term paper. I might go to the library to work on my term paper. Is there a difference? There is, but it’s slight. May suggests a possibility that an action will occur, while might suggests a slightly smaller possibility. So if I say that I may go to the library, there’s a reasonably good chance that it’s on my agenda. But if I say that I might go, the odds that I will aren’t quite as good. The distinction between the two is sufficiently fine that it’s not something writers need to obsess about. However, when referring to something in the past, the rules get tighter. The past tense of may is might. She might have left a message on my voice mail. (Not she may have) From time to time, writers also struggle with the difference between may and can. The difference here is more pronounced. May expresses permission, while can expresses ability. Moms everywhere are notorious for emphasizing this particular grammatical difference. Question: Mom, can I paint my bedroom walls black? Answer: I’m sure you can, but you may not. In informal speech (including dialogue in fiction), we have slipped into using can when may would be more appropriate. In truth, strict adherence to the difference between the two can seem a little prissy at times. Still, it’s a valid distinction that writers should strive to apply when it makes sense. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor16 Misquoted Quotations5 Examples of Insufficient Hyphenation

The Impact Of Globalization On The Multinational Corporations Essay

The Impact Of Globalization On The Multinational Corporations - Essay Example Plenty of definitions were given to globalization by different scholars. In any case, it is a fact that globalization has influenced most of the life segments of human being at present. The things happening in one part of the world has the capacity to affect the life of people in other parts of the world because of globalization. According to Lieber and Weisberg (2002), globalization helps people all over the world in the creation of a stronger and stable world (Lieber and Weisberg, 2002, p274).Global wealth is currently shifting from less heavily populated American and European regions to the more heavily populated Asian region at present because of globalization. The world's tallest building is now in Dubai. The largest publicly traded company is in China. The largest passenger airplane is built in Europe. The biggest movie industry is India's Bollywood, not Hollywood. And in the most recent Forbes rankings, only two of the world's 10 richest people are American (Zakaria, 2008, p.1 98). Business is one segment in which globalization brought revolutionary changes. Current market is heavily globalized because of globalization. Most of the prominent organizations in the world are currently operating internationally or cross culturally. Politics, economics, and religious or cultural beliefs are not causing any barrier in preventing the growth of international business. Offshoring and outsourcing like business concepts evolved out because of globalization. Multinational companies are utilizing these business concepts judiciously to make profits. The concepts such as Free trade, regional trade blocs etc are helping MNC’s immensely in spreading their business to overseas countries. Foreign Direct investment or FDI is encouraged by all countries as part of their economic reformation activities. All these favourable business climates are helping MNCs in operating cross culturally at present. This paper reviews the literatures to know the impact of globalization upon MNCs. Literature Review: The impact of globalization on multinational corporations Globalization has impacted MNCs both positively and negatively. Most of the prominent companies in this world were struggling for expansion before the introduction of globalization. For example, Starbucks is a company which is struggling to expand in America because of their excessive number of coffee shops everywhere in America. American market was saturated for Starbucks and they were looking for opportunities in global market. â€Å"While Starbucks was very successful in its domestic market, the leaders of the company knew they would have to exploit globalization and expand the company to foreign markets to fully utilize the potential that the company had.   In 2003, Starbucks quickly expanded into foreign markets and began to evolve into the world-wide company we know today†(Hart, 2011). At present, Starbucks is accumulating more revenue from international market than from American m arket. Robinson (2003) has pointed out that globalization helps the world to develop transnational capital (Robinson, p.12). The presence of transnational is operating globally with the help of transnational capital. Prominent automobile manufacturers are currently offshoring their manufacturing operations to cheap labour oriented countries such as India and China to reduce manufacturing cost. It is difficult for an American made vehicle to compete effectively with a Korean or Indian made vehicle in terms of price. Price wars are getting intensified in the automobile sector in recent times and hence the profit percentages of the automakers are coming down drastically. Governments in different countries have already formulated implemented

To what extent has Coalition Government affected the role and Essay - 4

To what extent has Coalition Government affected the role and functions of Prime Minister and Cabinet - Essay Example During such times, parties will opt to form grand coalitions or all party coalitions. In an instance where the coalition inevitably collapses or fails, a confidence vote is held. The idea behind collective responsibility in mostly related to an instance when say a vote of no confidence is passed in the parliament. Therefore, this will mean that all the ministers that form the cabinet are responsible for any arrangements that have been performed in relation to running of the government. This system basically tries to show the faith in the whole government as a whole in making day to day decisions. Collective ministerial responsibility simply implies that the government will collectively account to the parliament for the polices, actions and any decisions that they pass. However, the idea of collective responsibility means that for any decision or action to be made, all the members of the coalition must come into an agreement. This may slow down the government especially in instances where the two parties fail to come to an agreement. The government will be at a standstill. But at the end of the idea, the fact remains that collective decision making is favorable because it is more likely that better decisions will be reached and the decisions will mostly have the citizen’s best interest at heart. Collective responsibility is easy to maintain in a coalition government where the Prime Minister is kept as the keystone of the entire government. This is however not always the case. This is happens as there are instances when the coalition government is formed into a single party government. However, currently, people are highly enlightened, which makes collective responsibility a problem in some instances. For example, ministers now have their own advisors who may influence their decision and in addition, they freely communicate to the media without considering the impact of their action to them and the entire cabinet as a

Total viable count

Total viable count Microbiology practical: Total and viable counts of microorganisms Abstract: Introduction: Total and viable counts of microorganisms There are several methods for determining total and viable counts of microorganisms Total Cell counting is used Viable counting are used Details of uses of cell counting, including their advantages and disadvantages. There are several methods for determining total and viable counts of microorganisms Include other methods and include references to your source Brief detail of your actual experiment, mentioning the organism and which techniques will be used Total Viable Count This involves counting the colonies produced by viable cells under favourable growth conditions. In pour-plate method, an aliquot of suitably diluted sample is mixed with nutrient agar at a temperature where it is liquid. Then the mixture is poured into petridishes and allowed to set. Alternatively an aliquot of the sample is spread over the agar surface of a Petridis using a sterile spreader. Membrane filters can also be used to determine the bacterial numbers. In this method cells are filtered onto membrane filter which is then placed over nutrient agar surface. Total Cell Count The most common method of enumerating the total microbial cells is the direct counting of cell suspension in a counting chamber of known volume using a microscope. One such counting chamber is Neubauer counting chamber. Another method involves an electronic instrument, Coulter counter. http://www.microbiologyprocedure.com/aquatic-environment-microbiology/total-cell-count.htm http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon//biol4038.htm http://www.rapidmicrobiology.com/test-methods/Total-Viable-Count.php http://www.biochemj.org/bj/021/0104/0210104.pdf Materials and methods: 1 ) A pour plate method using viable count: Explain the procedure where cells crosses gridlines of the haemocytometer Discussion In this discussion you should discuss the errors associated with measurement of viability. Discuss ways of improving the experiment and whether this could be achieved with the material provided The experiment could be improved by: Transferring the diluted solution quicker to the agar plate, so that the plate will not get contaminated by the air. The experiment could be repeated more than 3 times for a reliable test The main source of error occurred during experiment was leaving the agar plate lid open to transfer the dilutions for a long time which could of contaminated the agar plate by air. (Madigan, 2009) Reference: Madigan, M. C. (2009). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (12th edition ed.). San Francisco: Pearson international Education.

Development of Children and Young People Between Birth to 19 Essay

From six months onwards a child learns to sit up using support until they can manage without any support and eventually learning to crawl or shuffling on their bottoms. They are able to rollover from their tummies on to their backs and vice versa. They start to hold on to furniture learning how to walk along or by using the aid of a baby walker, up until they gain the confidence to walk alone. Their hand and eye coordination improves as they learn to pass an object from one hand to another, and begin to show preference for one hand. They learn to play with bricks. Firstly banging them together to being able to build towers, eventually building larger towers. By the age of two children will have learnt how to sit, walk, feed themselves and they will have moved from eating soft mashed food to eating solids, as sign of their teeth will be clearly visible. They will have learnt to kick and throw a ball. They will be able to grasp a pencil to make scribble on paper. From three to seven a child is more independent. Learning how to jump, climb, catch and walk up and down stairs confidently. They learn to pedal and eventually ride a bike without support. Using their fine motor skills to hold and use a pair of scissors, able to gain control of a pencil. Increasing in their writing skill. Can also fasten and undo buttons and shoe laces. From the age seven to twelve years a child will progress in running, jumping skipping and enjoying playing games as a team, even though they may misjudge their ability until the age of nine. Between twelve and nineteen a child goes from childhood into adulthood. This is referred to the adolescences stage. This starts from the age of 11 up until the age of 19 or 20. It’s the stage that teenagers learn to detach from their parents and become more independent. Every child rate of growth is different. Boys normally begin adolescence around the age of 14 year, which is later than girls, even though by the end they are usually bigger than girls. They will develop body hair as their body shape changes, their muscles begin to grow, increasing their strength. Their voice will change and become deeper. In the early stages to mid stages of puberty testicles and scrotum will begin to grow. Penis growth starts later but continues for longer. Girl’s breasts start to swell from around the age of 10. They will also develop hair in the pubic region that will become dark and curly. Their body shape will change. Some girls may be physically mature by the age of 13. This is dependent on the age at which she begins puberty, which varies, ranging from 8 until late teens. The average age for girls of menstruation is around 13. Social and emotional development. From birth to about one year old a child mainly communicates through facial expressions such as smiling at familiar faces. A child of this is very dependant and requires comfort from an adult. They recognise familiar faces and get distressed when separated from a parent. They enjoy interacting and playing games such as peek-a-boo and they gradually develop a sense of identity and want to do things for them self. They easily get jealous when attention is not given to them and try to please adults. Temper tantrums start when not being given what they want or not wanting to share toys. From three to four years a child is more self-motivated and is able to cope with unfamiliar settings and adults. They know how to share, becoming considerate and caring of other feelings. They enjoy playing with other children. Between four and seven a child is able to make friends but still finds it difficult to take turns and needs help resolving problems. By this age a child should have a stable environment and routine, they need to have limits set. By the age of seven a child becomes less dependant. Starting to enjoy playing with other children. They become aware of their gender and develop understanding between right and wrong. By the age of eight they develop a close friendship and enjoy playing with the same sex. By twelve they can start to show arrogance and bossiness and are uncertain sometimes. By the time a child reaches the teenage years they are very self-conscious. As their body shape is changing and odours make occur, acne may develop due to oily skin. They begin to follow peer groups in the way they dress having labelled clothing, collecting the same things playing the same games. They turn to their friend and not to their parents for approval. They begin to question certain aspects of life such as parental and community values and beliefs. Intellectual development A child between the ages of birth to three is more confident but still needs an adults support. They enjoy copying others and trying out different ways of behaviour in play. They realise that others are spate people from themselves. From three to four a child learns to understand two or three simple tasks that they are given to do such as pick up the toys put them in back in the box and put the box where it belongs. They begin to realise the difference between objects, size and type and are able to group these together. From five to seven they learn to understand that there is differences and sameness in various aspects in life and that differences can co exist side by side and are able look at things from different perspectives. By the age of seven, children are able to read to themselves and will take a lively interest in certain subject by the age of nine. During the adolescence stage the mind is maturing as young people begin to develop a sense of responsibility for their thoughts, words and actions. They begin to plan about their future and what line of work they want to be in? If they want to get married and have children? They gain the ability to make a link between different pieces of knowledge and the ability to make links of these with the world from their perspective. This stage depends on the guidance given to young people in respects to helping the brain. A young person learns to take the responsibility for his or her own fiances, accommodation, employment and personal realationshops. This reaches completion as the responsibility from parent transfers to the young person. Language development From the early stages in life a child is able to make a lot different sounds. They begin to babble. Laughing and squealing when they are happy and cry to show emotion. They respond to music and sounds. Trying to imitate a parents face especially the mouth. Between one and two years a child learns to use single words to joining them up to make phrases. They begin to understand parents and try and copy them. By the age of two a child’s vocabulary can be anything from 30 to 150 words. By the time they are three a child can use words to form a sentence and begin to ask questions. They are able to memorise rhymes and songs and are able to join in and are able to scribble on paper. From three to four a child starts to use past tense and is able to use a different pitch or tone of voice. Their vocabulary extends between 1000 to 1500 word. From five upwards their questions become more complex as they use language to communicate their ideas. The pencil control improves. As they copy shapes and letters. By the age of seven they are able to speak fluently and make up stories. They begin to understand letters and link them to sounds. A child of twelve years is able to describe complicated scenarios. They need help in tackling complex spellings and learning the different tense of grammar. They are able read out aloud. From twelve on to nineteen years a young person begins to use sarcasm, joking and mockery as it is new and sophisticated language for them. They are maturing and enjoy using their thought to debate whether it is formal or informal.